The aim of the present study was to assess whether grafting could improve the salinity-induced inhibition on plant growth, photosynthetic performance and ion accumulation by grafting a relatively salt-sensitive Cucumis sativus L. cv. Shengmei-200 onto a salt-tolerant fig-leaf gourd during progressive saline stresses. A greenhouse experiment was performed to contrast differences in the dry shoot and root mass, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, Rubisco activity and ion (Na+, K+ and Cl-1) contents between self-root and rootstock grafted plants. Grafting significantly alleviated the saline stress on the growth of cucumber plants, due to much higher root and shoot dry mass and shoot/root ratios in rootstock grafted plants. The direct benefit of grafting could be more responsible for the improvement of the shoot growth. The A/Ci ratios, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and Rubisco activities indicated severe impairments of photosynthetic performance in self-root grafted plants with progressive salinity and duration. But rootstock grafted plants were relatively less affected as smaller amplitude of variations in these traits compared to control plants, suggesting that rootstock grafted plants can delay photoinhibition. The Cl- and Na+ contents and Na+/K+ ratios in leaves and roots were induced a progressive rise by increasing salinity in all grafted plants, whereas K+ in both parts still decreased. Cl- contents in leaves and roots, but Na+ contents and Na+/K+ ratios just in leaves were lower in rootstock grafted plants than in self-root grafted ones, which were reversed to Na+ contents and Na+/K+ ratios in roots. These results indicate that the grafting may be more improvement of the shoot growth of cucumber plants, which is intrinsically attributed to enhancement of photosynthesis and restriction on transport of Cl-, Na+ but K+ to the leaves, where lower Na+/K+ ratio can be remained.

The aim of this paper, is to introduce the concept of fuzzy pairwise separation axioms FPTi; i = 0; 1; 2; 3; 4 in fuzzy bitopological spaces by using the notion of fuzzy neighborhood\nfilter of W. Gahler. These axioms are related only to usual points and ordinary subsets. In the classical case L = {0,1} these axioms are the usual ones. Finally, we show that our presented concepts are good extensions in the sense of R. Lowen.

Field experiments were conducted at the Teaching and Experimental Station in Swadzim near Poznań in the years 2009 - 2011. They were carried out in the split-split-plot design with three experimental factors in four field replications. Analyses were conducted to investigate six nitrogen fertilisation rates and two magnesium fertilisation rates on morphological traits of plants and ears in two types of maize cultivars differing in their genetic profiles. It was shown that the number of plants was inversely proportional to the applied nitrogen rate. The stay-green hybrid was characterised by a greater number of plants both after emergence and during harvest. Plant height of maize increased with an increase in nitrogen rates. The stay green hybrid ES Paroli had lower plants, a lower ear setting height, lesser ear length and diameter as well as ear volume in comparison to the hybrid ES Palazzo. Under conditions of this study it was ineffective to apply magnesium, as evidenced by the lack of effect of this macroelement on the analysed traits.

The paper presents results of multivariate analyses assessing variation in quantitative traits after the application of nitrogen and magnesium rates in cultivation of two types of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars, i.e. ES Palazzo and the stay-green ES Paroli. Observations were conducted for eight traits: plant height, ear setting height, ear length, ear diameter, ear volume, the number of plants after emergence, the number of plants before harvest, plant loss rates in the vegetation period, observed in the course of three years (2009 - 2011). Statistical analysis of results was performed using the multivariate methods. Analysis of canonical variables proved to be a reliable tool providing a comprehensive assessment of variation in the effect of urea and magnesium fertilisation combinations on many traits simultaneously. The most variable treatments were A2B2C2 (50 kg N ha-1, 25 kg MgO ha-1 for ES Paroli SG) and A4B2C1 (150 kg N ha-1, 25 kg MgO ha-1 for ES Palazzo). The most similar treatments (in terms of eight traits treated jointly) included A2B2C2 (50 kg N ha-1, 25 kg MgO ha-1 for ES Paroli SG) and A3B2C2 (100 kg N ha-1, 25 kg MgO ha-1 for ES Paroli SG). Mahalanobis distances between individual treatments in individual years of observations were positive and correlated statistically significantly.

We measured the emergence rate, plant height, leaf number, above-ground biomass and tuber biomass of six lines of Jerusalem artichoke (DL-1, DL-2, DL-3, DL-4, DL-5 and DL-6) planted on the highway slopes of an alkaline region in the Songnen Plain, western Heilongjiang, China. The growth analysis showed that the emergence rates of DL-2 and DL-5 were close to 80% and as high as 90.2%, respectively, on the highway of the slightly alkaline region. The plant heights of both lines were 1.5 times higher than those of others, their above-ground biomasses were close to 1.5 times as those of other lines and their tuber biomasses were more than twice as large as those of the other lines. On the highway of highly alkaline region (total alkaline content > 1% or pH >8.5), the emergence rate of the line DL-5 was 87.9% and the plant height, above-ground biomass and tuber biomass of this line were more than twice as high as those of others. These results indicate that the lines DL-2 and DL-5 are suitable for the greening of the highway slopes in slightly alkaline regions and that DL-5 is more suitable for greening highly alkaline regions.

Events with mass casualty of burned can be produced in various circumstances that induce specific lesion association so that planning interventions for these situations is crucial to the success of the intervention. Given the need for maximum security, the stage and the equipment involving a very broad and multidisciplinary intervention, cooperation, command and control are crucial for the medical intervention structures. Assignment of tasks at the site, accident site organization, chain-hospital medical intervention, organization of hospitals in the region to receive a large number of victims, the issue of primary and secondary evacuation of victims are an integral part of the general procedure for intervention and proactive planning in order to prevent chaos, to shorten response times and to increase the efficiency of the intervention, the security of the team, victims and other involved persons. All these aspects must be specific educational objectives of training programs in crisis management, which all medical and technical services coordinators with responsibilities in resolving the emergency must undergo.

Abstract \nThe sustainable economic growth is one of the most important goals of economy policy makers in each country. Economic growth needs production increase and this growth is fulfilled in two ways. One is production increase through using more productive factors and the other is production increase through increasing productivity of production factors. Increase of productivity level in country is an important factor to reach economic growth. Nowadays wealthy countries are not the ones which possess numerous physical and natural sources but countries that use their resources effectively. Studies show that those countries that have relied more on increasing productivity than physical and natural resources to reach economic growth have experienced a quicker growth. To this end we used two methods including ARDL and VAR to investigate effective factors on productivity. The results of estimation of research model by ARDL method showed that financial development variable including LCR (logarithm of the domestic finance ratio to private sector to GDP), LBANK (logarithm of provided domestic finance ratio by bank sector to GDP) and LDEP (logarithm of deposit ratio to GDP) had a long-term positive meaningful effect on the total productivity and the importance and influence of LBANK was more than economic development indices. The results of estimation of the research model by VAR method based on immediate reaction functions and analysis of variance showed that financial development can have a positive effect on the total productivity in short term. The result of Granger-Sims causality test showed a one-sided long term causality relationship from financial development to total productivity.

The wireless nature and inherent features of mobile ad hoc networks make them vulnerable to a wide variety of attacks. In an internal attack, the attacker gains the normal access to the network and takes part in the network activities, either by some malicious impersonation to get the access to the network as a new node, or by directly compromising a current node and using it as a basis to conduct its malicious behaviors. In this paper, we developed an autonomous trust evaluation based cluster head misbehaviour detection and isolation in mobile ad hoc networks where the entire network is divided into hierarchical group of clusters, each cluster having a fully trusted Cluster Head (CH). As, CH, being an independent node that has mobility and autonomy behaviour, has the possibility that it may be vulnerable to DoS attacks. Hence, the assumption of CH being trusted cannot be considered. Therefore, ensuring the security of CH is essential which can be done by evaluating the trustworthiness of each CH. The trustworthiness of each CH is determined by its Group Leader (GL). In order to determine the cluster head and the group leader that are free from malicious attack, an autonomous trust evaluation is done for each CH to detect and isolate the misbehaving cluster head.

This article reviews the application of nanotechnology in the conservation of archaeological wood based on their structure and deterioration. Nanotechnology can be applied in deacidification, cleaning, and consolidation of archaeological wood. Soft Nanoscience (microemulsions and micelles) can be used to remove contaminants and polymers, used in previous treatments, and to clean the wood surface. Hard Nanoscience (hydroxides nanoparticles in non-aqueous solvents) can be applied to deacidify wood of ancient shipwrecks, for example. The author highlight ways of treatments that were applied to other cultural heritage items and could be applied to archaeological wood but not examined yet, especially in the case of polychrome wood according to its structure.