Ethylene response factor (ERF) is ubiquitous in plant kingdom and plays a crucial role in a wide range of stress responses in plant. ERF proteins interact with the GCC-box cis-elements or DRE/CRT in the promoters of target genes and then initiate a transcriptional cascade leading to activation of downstream ethylene responses and enhancing plant stress tolerance. In this research, we cloned ERF1 gene from potato and obtained the transgenic potato plants with overexpression of ERF1 gene. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that the ERF1gene expressed in roots, stems and leaves of the transgenic plants, and especially higher expression in leaves. The proline content was higher 2.8 times and the malonaldedyde (MDA) content decreased 50.8% in ERF1-overexpressed potato plants than the wild type control plants under drought stress condition. The results of qRT-PCR analysis showed that overexpression of ERF1gene can activate expression of the stress-responsive genes pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and calcium-dependent protoin kinases (CDPK), ABA biosynthesis key enzyme genes zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR), and the disease-responsive gene PR2 to enhance tolerance to drought stress in the transgenic potato.

A computational Pseudo Three-dimensional model has been developed for unsteady flow to investigate free surface water profile. Unsteady flow in channels is complex by variation of hydraulic data due to morphological changes and geometrical properties. In order to simulate the flow phenomena with satisfactory resolution in spatial and temporal domain, the Navier-Stokes equations have been solved using Taylor-Galerkin technique. In this paper, unsteady flow due to partial dam breach and dam break with sudden enlargement in channel has been investigated, using semi-implicit Taylor Galerkin finite element scheme. The accuracy and reliability of the model was validated by comparing of computed results with available solution of the unsteady flow problems in open literature. Numerical results show that the technique is capable and accurate tool to simulate hydrodynamic behavior through computing water depth hydrograph with space and time variation of flow.

In this paper an algorithm to calculate the square matrix determinant is presented, its implementation in ANSI C and the analysis of the computational complexity. The designed algorithm is recursive, so the function that describes the behavior of the algorithm is a non-homogeneous recurrent equation which is transformed to an equivalent non-recurrent equation in order to perform the computational complexity analysis.

The minimum vertex coloring problem in graph theory is an Np-hard optimization problem. In this problem, we have to assign a color to each vertex so that no two adjacent vertices have the same color. There are some approximation solutions to solve the minimum vertex coloring problem and some of them are based on reinforcement learning methods. In this paper, we propose a new learning automata based iterative algorithm in order to approximate a near optimal solution for the vertex coloring problem. To show the performance of the proposed algorithm, we compare it with several existing vertex coloring algorithms in terms of number of iterations and colors required for coloring the graphs. The obtained results show the superiority of our proposed algorithm over the others.

This research reviewed the impact of macroeconomic factors (industrial production growth, national income, capital market return) on operating cost stickiness for companies listed in the Tehran stock exchange. Using the elimination method, 91 firms were chosen and data was extracted from the firms and the Central Bank library to test the hypothesis. The variables tested used multivariable linear regression. This research has based on annual observations from the years 2007 to 2012. The results showed that there is a meaningful positive relation between industrial production growth and operating cost stickiness and a meaningful positive relation between capital market return and operating cost stickiness. No meaningful relation was found between national income and operating cost stickiness.

In the present study, we introduce numerical solutions of a class of fractional variational problems (FVPs) by Chebyshev spectral method. We present an approximate formula of the Caputo fractional derivative. The properties of the Chebyshev polynomials\nand Rayleigh-Ritz method are used to reduce the FVPs to the solution of system of algebraic equations. Special attention is given to study the convergence analysis and estimate an upper bound of the error of the derived formula. The obtained numerical results show the simplicity and the efficiency of the proposed method.

Evaluation of the relationship between the philosophical mindset of managers and their managerial components in secondary schools of the BOJNURD city in year 2012-2013, was the main aim of this paper. This study given to the nature of relevant subject and purposes of this study is descriptive - correlation. Statistical Population is all managers of secondary schools of the BOJNURD city, all Statistical Population were used in collecting information (n = 70). Data collection tool was two questionnaires included a questionnaire with 60 questions about the philosophical mindset which has examined comprehensiveness, depth and flexibility and other questionnaire was SOCIOMETRIC questionnaire which Managers tasks in five categories of planning, organizing, coordinating, evaluating and staff morale was measured, this questionnaire was developed as a teacher questionnaire. Questionnaire based on CRONBACH\'S alpha was approved. The results show that there is a significant relationship between the philosophical mind Directors of managers with their performance in return for their management tasks. Also, between gender of managers and their education was not observed a significant difference.

The pedagogical quality employed in any course of programme is one of the critical factors considered while discussing the review of education in any country. Moreover, Ministry of Higher Education outlined the objectives of entrepreneurship education in Malaysia. Despite the plausibility of these objectives, it obvious entrepreneurship education has not fully addressed the problems which militate against the attainment of the set objectives. One of such enigmas is excessive emphasis on the educational theories to the detriment of investigative pedagogy. This paper, therefore, presents some philosophical merits of investigative pedagogy and makes a plea for its use in entrepreneurship education. It also provides a model and submits a possible future research.

Aim: This is a study into efficacy of training in change of life style for improvement of general health and marital satisfaction of maladjusted couples.Method: This is a quasi-experiment in pretest and posttest design, in which 36 couples (72 people) were randomized from the clients of counselling centers of Tehran the West during 1391. They were 25 to 35 years old and after purposive sampling were divided into two groups of sample and control. Questionnaires of Marital Satisfaction by Enrich and General Health were employed to gather the information. Next, sample population underwent 6 group sessions plus 3 private sessions of training in change of life style. Results: Analysis of covariance was also used to review the data. According to the comparison between pretest and posttest results of two groups, it came to light that intervention for change of life style had significant effects on general health and marital satisfaction of the couples involved in marital distress.Discussion and Conclusion: The findings indicated that intervention for change of life style could significantly improve general health and physical performance of maladjusted couples. This therapeutic approach positively influenced marital satisfaction, financial management and sexual relationship of the partners and helped them deal with common problems.