The main goals of this paper are presented by the authors so as to create a clear image of forms of global urbanization. It aims the major coordinates of its regional evolutions, the differences and characteristics of urban forms. Also, a detailated analysis regarding the most populous metropolitan areas and the most important megalopolises on Earth is made, managing to play the defining features of each.

Objective To explore the reason and treatment of the cystic duct endo-clip migration to the common bile duct after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) by summarizing clinical information of 7 patients. Methods Among the 7 patients with endo-clip migration to the common bile duct after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, one was from our hospital and the other 6 were searched in Chinese biological and literature database from Jan 1987 to Dec 2008. Results The reason for endo-clip migration to the common bile duct is unclear. All 7 patients underwent operative exploration, 2 patients of whom had no response to EST before surgery. Conclusions The most effective methods to avoid the endo-clip migrartion maybe proper use of endo-clip, and treatment is operative exploration and therapeutic endoscopy.

This research aims to identify the main factors influencing consumers\' attitudes towards counterfeit clothing and the impact of these attitudes on brand equity of the original products in the clothing industry in Tehran (capital of Iran).\nAn integrated and development model is proposed this study based on several studies in literature review. This is a descriptive study. In order to achieve the research objectives, a sample of 384 consumers from Tehran is chosen who knowingly buy the counterfeit products. Data analysis is done by using of the structural equation modeling (SME); confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and ANOVA methods. \nThe literature review identified the following six variables as factors shaping and influencing customers\' attitude towards counterfeit products: \"Value consciousness\", \"Price–quality inference\", \"Ethical Issues\", \"Subjective norm\", \"Perceived risk\", \"Risk averseness\" and to measure the brand equity, 4 dimensions of the Aaker\'s Brand Equity model (Perceived quality, Brand awareness, Brand association, Brand loyalty) have been used. Research findings indicate that the \"Value consciousness\", \"Price–quality inference\", \"Ethical Issues\", \"Subjective norm\" and \"Perceived risk\" have a significant influence on \"attitudes towards counterfeit products\". Also the impact of the \"attitudes towards counterfeit products\" on the \"brand equity\" is significant.\nThis paper investigates the vast spectrum antecedents of consumer attitudes toward counterfeits and impact of attitudes towards counterfeit products on the original brand equity.

Nitrogen management is a crucial issue in terms of environmental and economic efficiency for winter wheat husbandry. Precision agriculture, in particular remote sensing technology, has been used to determine the crop variability. With support of these tools, site-specific application of nitrogen fertiliser can be conducted. This paper reviews the results of two sub-experiments carried out in 2006 and aimed at evaluation of ground-based remote sensing systems in Europe. The first experiment was conducted in Wilstead (UK), with the objective to evaluate the application of an active and passive ground-based remote sensing system in the field management of winter wheat. The results showed that varying the application rate of nitrogen with active and passive systems brought savings in nitrogen of up to 15 kg N/ha, and the use of nitrogen was improved in terms of its utilisation per tonne of yield, without a negative effect on crop yield. Potential environmental benefits were achieved by reducing the residual nitrogen in the soil by 36 % and 52 % for the active sensor and the passive sensor strips respectively. The second field experiment was carried out in Oponice (Slovakia) and assessed three different management strategies used in Central Europe (the real time, near real time and traditional nitrogen management). In terms of the technology used, both the real time application (sensor-based) as well as the near real time application (zonal) brought benefits in terms of spatial redistribution of nitrogen, where almost 80 % of the field area in Slovakia required a different application rate compared to that of the uniform farmer’s best practice. The economic considerations of the three technologies were discussed as well.

Introduction and objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of phytosterols intake in vegetarian’s group and food preferences in the context of changes in the frequency consumption of selected food products. \nMaterial and methods: Seventy participants were recruited in the study - including thirty five vegetarians. The dietary intake was evaluated by 7-day food records. Plant sterols content was obtained from the database of Polish foods. The assessment of food preferences and food frequency of intake was based on a validated questionnaire. \nResults: The mean total energy of daily food rations in the study and control groups did not differ significantly however there were differences in the percentage intake from carbohydrates (p<0.001), fat (p<0.001), SFA (p=0.0001), MUFA (p=0.0001) and dietary fiber (p=0.0001). A statistically significant differences were noticed in the total plant sterols level consumption (p<0.01), campesterol (p<0.001), and other fractions of plant sterols (p<0.05) where campesterol and sitosterol were the main consumption fractions. \nConclusions: A vegetarian diet is characterized by a greater supply of phytosterols in the diet compared to the usual diet

Coastal salt marsh is one of the important composition of coastal land type. However, our knowledge about greenhouse gas (GHG) turnover between the atmosphere and the saline soils is very limited. In order to evaluate the potential of CO2 and CH4 consumption in salt marsh, the characteristics of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes and the environmental factors from the coastal salt marsh in the Yellow River Delta across four vegetation types (bare flat, Suaeda glauca, Phragmites australis and Tamarix chinensis) were observed in situ with static-chamber and GC methods from April to December in 2012, and the seasonal variation and the key factors affecting CH4 and CO2 fluxes were discussed. We found that these coastal salt marshes were the source of CO2 all the years round, specifically, the CO2 emissions varied from 2.287 mg/(m2•h)to 331.371 mg/(m2•h), and the mean CO2 flux was 77.107 mg/(m2•h), which indicated that the coastal salt marsh was the source of CO2 all the years round. The order of CO2 fluxes of different vegetation types was bare flat

Verifying the results’ rationality in assessing Cultivated Land Fertility (CLF) often has a great significance on promoting the level of cultivated land protection and construction, but there is little or insufficiently available information documenting it. In this paper, the CLF in Xiuwu County, Henan Province, China, was evaluated by means of the Gray Relational Analysis (GRA) method, and the traditional AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) one, respectively. Then, the consistency of two results was analyzed. Furthermore, one method testing the evaluation rationality of CLF, based on the distribution of crop yield levels, was proposed and employed in the research area. The results show that the consistency rate of area and evaluation unit number with the same level evaluated by two methods is 84.68% and 87.29%, respectively, and the space distribution is basically the same. The concordance rates with the same level between the crop yield levels and the CLF evaluation ones by GRA, and that by AHP are 78.15% and 74.29%, respectively. Therefore, the verifying effects of GRA and AHP are near, good and acceptable, and the CLF results by both of them could reflect the distribution of crop production levels. As a whole the result of GCA is slightly better than that of AHP.

A general- braid graph is a new type of graph. So in this paper we will introduce foldings of this graph and we will define new type of foldig called isoedge folding. Some theorems and propositions on these foldings of the general- braid graph will be deduced.

The morphological and growth properties for their seedlings under different relative irradiances were explored by the pot experiments. The objective was to compare their adaptability mode and degree of shade tolerance. The results showed the optimum light intensity for relative growth rate (RGR) of the three species was 100% for Bischofia javanica, 50% for Heritiera parvifolia and 30% for Vatica mangachapoi, respectively, indicating the shade tolerance was B. javanica < H. parvifolia < V. mangachapoi. RGR under each light level was positively correlated with unit leaf ratio (ULR), root mass ratio (RMR) and leaf number (LN), and negatively correlated with leaf mass ratio (LMR). B. javanica had the highest stem mass ratio (SMR) and RMR, with more investment in non-photosynthetic tissues. However, V. mangachapoi had the highest LMR and leaf area ratio (LAR), with more investment in photosynthetic tissues, which was due to its lowest specific leaf area (SLA). H. parvifolia was intermediate between them in biomass allocation. The order of phenotypic plasticity for the three species was B. javanica > H. parvifolia > V. mangachapoi, which was contrary to the order of shade tolerance. Our results suggest that when light intensity decreased gradually (as the case in a secondary succession), the dominance of the communities in the tropical lowland rain forest region should be changed from B. javanica through H. parvifolia and finally to V. mangachapoi.