Effective and efficient image segmentation acts as a preliminary stage for the computer-aided diagnosis of medical images. For image segmentation, many FCM-based clustering techniques have been proposed. Regrettably, the existing FCM technique does not generate accurate and standardized segmentation results. This is due to the noise present in the image as well as the random initialization of membership values for pixels. To address this issue, this paper has enhanced the existing FCM technique and proposed a technique named Ameliorate FCM (AFCM). Initially, the given image is preprocessed to remove the noise using the Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) technique. The preprocessed image is given as input to a Bayesian classifier to classify the images into two set namely normal and abnormal using a Hybrid feature selection method. The classified images are given as input to the proposed segmentation technique, which overcomes the drawbacks of existing FCM technique. Here, the membership value of the pixels of an image is standardized and clustered to segment the regions. Experiments are carried using lung images to determine the efficiency of the proposed technique. Results of the experiment show that the proposed technique outperforms the existing FCM technique.

This article challenges the widely diffuse view of family law as peripheral to\nprivate law. It aims to the de–marginalisation of family legal issues, by showing their ties\nto the market realm and freedom of contract. In this theoretical framework, the article\nanalyses the process of family law harmonisation in Europe. In particular, it focuses on\nthree steps or aspects in respect to which the presumed peculiarity of family law is proclaimed\nand reveals, at the same time, its groundlessness: the status/contract dichotomy\nas a reflection of the family/market divide which seems to influence future developments\nof the harmonisation of law in Europe; the presumed political character of family law,\nwhich represents the leitmotiv in most recent harmonisation projects; and the subsequent\nstrictly national character of family law, which makes EC institutions much more cautious\nin intervening in these matters than in any other field of private law

Contractual condition is a secondary form of obligations that is not independently stated in contractual document but nevertheless is a part of contractual provisions and adheres to the contract. Being a secondary obligation or its dependence on the contractual document does not change the nature of contractual condition. Contractual condition is a part of mutual covenant and as binding as the other contractual provisions of the transaction. The intention of legislators in listing the principal conditions of valid transactions in article 190 of Civil Code may have been to exclude ineffective (unrealizable) conditions from contractual obligations. However, the word transaction may not have been used for its specific meaning in the context of provisions under article 190. The question is now whether contractual condition should conform to the principal provisions of a valid transaction. Legislators discussed invalid terms in article 233 of Iran Civil Code. Section 2 of this article mentions indeterminate conditions but with the wording that is confusing, produces ambiguity, and raises a few questions. Is an indeterminate condition independently valid or invalid notwithstanding its effect on the contract? Is an indeterminate condition effective in a contract when it does not produce ambiguity in considerations? If it is effective, then, what effects does it have on the contract? What affect the waver of indeterminate condition shall have on the contract when it produces ambiguity in considerations versus when it does not? And, is waver of indeterminate condition possible?

In the system of factors spiritually-moral education of the person presents\ncharacteristics of sign-symbolic objects of educational space of the native land. Clarifies\nthe distinction between objects-the signs and the objects of the string. Emphasizes the\nimportance of decoding the meaning of surrounding objects, phenomena through\ndisclosure of their diverse properties and the stress on their moral aspect in the process\nof pedagogical work with children.

The predictions based on a random walk model for the fertility in Russia on the forecasting horizon 2008-2012 put in evidence a slow increase of the demographic indicator. The assessment of accuracy for these forecasts shows a persistent underestimation of the indicator. In the years before the forecasted period the evolution of the fertility rate was an oscillating one, but the variations from a year to another were very small. In 2008 a large increase of the rate was observed, followed by a slow growth that maintained approximately constant. The predictions based on the random walk suppose that the factors which determined the evolution of the rate in the previous year are the same. These predictions are lower than the reality, which determined us to conclude that there are other factors that generated higher fertility rates than the expected ones. The economic crisis that was present in the analysed period normally determines the decrease of fertility. Therefore, a more powerful factor like religion orientation or other factors could contribute to the reach of a high rate of fertility in Russia.

This study was designed to examine university students’ attitudes towards physical activities and sports. A sample of 934 students (male: 47.4%; female: 52.6%) with different educational levels and fields of study participated in this research. A revised attitude toward physical activity inventory was employed for this study. Independent sample t test, ANOVA, and univariate and multivariate analysis of variance were used to compare the attitudes of samples based on various variables. Results indicated that improving health and fitness (mean= 3.95; SD= 1.02), catharsis (mean= 3.89; SD= 0.80), and social interaction (mean= 3.86; SD= 1.10) were rated as the most important in regards to students’ attitudes to physical activities, whereas aesthetic (mean= 3.08; SD= 1.14), vertigo (mean= 2.16; SD= 1.16), and ascetic (mean= 2.15; SD= 0.79) were found as the lowest attitudinal dimensions. Males showed to have more positive attitude in vertigo (t= 25.80; mean= 2.90; SD= 1.05) whereas females were higher in fitness (t= 4.45; mean= 4.09; SD= 1.22) and aesthetic dimensions (t= 23.88; mean= 3.79; SD= 0.98). Furthermore, various attitudinal differences were found between samples in regards to age, educational level and field of study (p≤ 0.05). In conclusion it is suggested that planning and offering sport activities based on students’ attitudes and expectations could improve the participation rate of different groups of students in physical activities.