Over the years, by the emergence of social relationships among humans in the society and also due to expansion of human requirements, new legal entities are appeared which the necessity to use these entities is unavoidable in all societies. On the basis of time-sharing, viewpoints of cons and pros about such an ownership and their criticisms, approaches for getting recognition of time-sharing ownership in Iran law, fundamental elements and effects of such an ownership, and the strategies to reach to such an ownership are all represented in this paper. Finally, it is specified that the nature of such an ownership is a fee simple absolute in possession in law of England. One kind of this ownership is introduced as Corpus of property for a definite period of time which it is based on “Tenancy in Common” in law of England and “No. Joint tenancy” in law of Iran, and other kind of it means possessing corpus of property in a definite period of time based on “Joint tenancy” in law of England and/or “Joint tenancy” with time limitation in “Joint tenancy”, and this type of ownership involves triple bases as Corpus of property, benefit of property Corpus, definite term or period of time. Also, time-sharing as a kind of ownership involves common effects with fee simple absolute possession; however, due to Time-bound property in such an ownership, other particular effects are also involved in it.

Background and Objective: We previously showed that the calcium-binding protein S100A4 is overexpressed and related to metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).However, whether S100A4 participates in the regulation of metastasis and its mechanisms in HCC is mostly unknown. Given the associations of S100A4 ,nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB/RelA) and MMP-9 with metastasis in a variety of malignancies, we explored a potential role of S100A4 in HCC metastasis and its mechanism. Methods: 20 patients with HCC invasion (Lymph node metastasis ,micro¬vascular invasion, major portal vein invasion and intrahepatic me¬tastasis) and 20 patients without HCC invasion were included. These tissues were detected for the expression of S100A4, NF-kB/RelA and MMP-9 by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR).Correlation between the expressions of S100A4, NF-kB/RelA and MMP-9 with the invasion was analysed. The expressions of S100A4, nuclear factor-kB and MMP-9 was evaluated in HepG2 cell by western blot and immunohistochemistry. HepG2 cells were stably transfected with S100A4-specific small interfering RNA (S100A4 siRNA) to knockdown of S100A4 ,then transiently transfected with S100A4 cDNA to rescure the S100A4 level and evaluated for effects on invasion and expression analysis for molecules involved in invasion.After the HepG2 cells recurred the S100A4 levels, the HepG2 cells was treated with 5 uM PDTC (a selective NF κ B inhibitor) to inhibit the NF-kB activity,or treated with the BB94(a MMPs inhibitor) to inhibit the MMP-9 activity. The expression analysis for molecules involved in invasion was analyzed. Results: A significant increase of S100A4, NF-kB/RelA and MMP-9 expression in HCC tissues with invasion than that of without invasion. A positive correlation was observed between S100A4, NF-kB/RelA,MMP-9 and invasion,respectively. In addition,S100A4 was positively correlated with NF-kB and MMP-9. S100A4 siRNA mediated knockdown of S100A4 in HepG2 cells resulted in significant reduction in the NF-kB activity and MMP-9 expression,and dramatically decreased its invasion. Moreover, the HepG2 cell metastatic potential was rescued by overexpression of S100A4 completely,at the same time, the NF-kB activity and MMP-9 expression was also increased. Pretreatment with PDTC or BB94 was observed to significantly reduce NF-kB activity and MMP-9 expression and dramatically decreased S100A4 -induced invasion. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that S100A4 contributes to HCC metastasis by activation of NF-kB dependant MMP-9 expression,suggesting S100A4 as a novel diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target in HCC.

Rock drilling is one of the parameters used by drilling engineers to describe formation characteristics. In fact, facilitation of formation drilling is defined under the condition of using a specific bit with a certain design as well as a proper system for cleaning drilling logs. In other words, rock strength against drilling has an inverse relation with rock compressive strength. There are other factors that affect drillability of the rock, and they will be studied thoroughly. One of the main objectives of the present paper is to design and construct training drilling machines and study drillability in rocks of Ilam region located in Iran. Knowing drillability of rock is necessary for optimizing drilling and penetration rate prediction, because of the fact that penetration rate is one of the important parameters related to bit function. Samples of Mila, Lashkarak, Shemshak, Qom, and Ilam formations are tested in the present research to study effect of rock hardness. The test included measurement of penetration rate in different weights of bit and measurement of drilling rate index. Tests show that Ilam formation rocks are categorized as rocks with high drillability. Moreover, penetration rate has a parabolic increase as a result of increase of drilling rate index. By comparing drilling rate index and parameters that indicate rock hardness as a result of penetration rate, it is clarified that there is a parabolic relation between deformation index and drilling rate index. However, there is a linear relation between Samartan hardness and Rebia energy.

In initial oil extraction, the hydrocarbons are generated based on the natural stimulus mechanisms existing in the reservoir without the need of injecting the fluids like water and gas. The natural stimuli often are relatively weak resulted in low overall oil extraction. Lack of the sufficient natural stimuli in the most of the reservoirs leads to introduce artificial stimuli to help the natural energies of the reservoirs. This paper aims to investigate the effect of injection rate and nanoparticles concentration in ultimate recovery of oil, relative permeability and the rate of formation damage on the reservoir rock. To this purpose, the saturated cores with oil are firstly flooded using distilled water and then are saturated with oil and are flooded again by nanoparticles suspension. Thus, oil recovery and relative permeability are measured in each phase and finally, the formation damage is measured. Comparing the results of the tests related to oil recovery, relative permeability and formation damage, it can be concluded that the ultimate recovery rate is feasible to 95% by increasing the concentration of the particles injection to 0/5%, the relative permeability of oil phase is also increased while the formation damage is increased with the same enhancement as well. On the other hand, increasing the injection rate of fluids has a little effect in the ultimate recovery whoever it increases the relative permeability in the initial phases of injection.

Use of nanotechnology is mentioned in exploration, drilling, exploitation, Oil Tank Removal and also in other matters like refining and etc. In this paper, issue of Intelligent Fluids is mentioned as a goal of drilling in this domain. Also, it has to be stated that in Drilling Operations, moreover issues of drilling fluids, issues about cement and cement laying are mentioned with great challenges which based on nanotechnology, a new solution could be found for them. According to the features of several nanofluids, the best rheological model was chosen for this purpose, and then equations of Non-Newtonian fluid flow in annular spaces which shows the distance between Wall tubing and drill pipe, are solved to gain Velocity and pressure fields in different drilling conditions. Solving continuity and momentum equations in cylindrical coordinates done by using Computational fluid dynamics in COMSOL software. Flow regime was considered calm; after modeling Geometry for drilling wells and applying various nanofluids conditions, observation about impact of two important parameters as Flow and drill string rotation speed was provided and the results are represented as well. The main objective in this paper is observing use of nanofluids in improving drilling speeds and reducing Energy dissipation. According to the results of this paper, it could be perceived that generation of nanofluids would not cause loose of nanofluids’ rheological features in hard drilling conditions which Drilling debris would be gained eventually.

This paper presents an experimental evaluation of Discrete Wavelet Transforms for use in speaker identifi-cation. The features are tested using speech data provided by the CHAINS corpus. This system consists of two stages: feature extraction stage and the identification stage. Parameters are extracted and used in a closed-set text-independent speaker identification task. In this study the signals are pre-processed and fea-tures are extracted using discrete wavelet transforms. The energy of the wavelet coefficients are used for training the Gaussian Mixture Model. Daubechies wavelets are used and the speech samples are analyzed using 8 levels of decomposition.