This paper is intended to supplement present knowledge of the vocal array of Poecile atricapillus (Black-capped Chickadee) with three calls presently known only from Poecile carolinensis (Carolina Chickadee) and evidence that morphing is occurring. Originally conceived as a simple list of all calls that adult Blackcapped Chickadees make during the winter months in northern Michigan, the inclusion of calls already described for P. carolinensis and the surprising paucity of the complete Chick-a-dee call suggested consideration of anthropogenic factors affecting their communication. In addition, calls made by wild birds before, during, and after copulation are described for the first time, as well as a novel element that is sometimes associated with a Gargle call. Some possible language systems have been considered for the chickadees since before 2000, with their complicated combinatorial Chick-a-dee and Gargle calls. In 2016 lexical syntax in another parid was demonstrated. The repetitive dee alarm given by P. atricapillus in response to a high-risk predator suggests phonological components in their semantics. Here is presented spectrographic evidence for one call type integrating into another and frequent use of polyphonic sounds, providing a new window for viewing communication in these very social birds. Understanding the meaning of P. atricapillus' vocalizations is incomplete, but progress is being made, chiefly on the basis of spectrograms revealing far more detail than the average human ear can discern.

In this study, after preparation of hydroxyapatite, copolymer of PLGA-PEG and their composites, they were submitted to gamma irradiation doses of 25 and 50 KGy using 60Co as radiation source. Various properties such as changes in molecular weight (GPC), thermal behavior (DSC), wettability (contact angle), cell viability(MTT assay) and alkaline phosphatase activity were studies for the composites and each of their ingredients.\nThe results have shown a significant decrease in molecular weight of copolymer ( Both Mw and Mn) with no significant change in polydispersity after gamma irradiation. There was a slight decrease in the glass transition and melting temperatures of copolymer with the increase in dose of irradiation. Our study has shown a decrease in activation energy ΔH of 25KGy gamma irradiated copolymer and composite samples and a decrease in 50KGy gamma irradiated samples. While the hydroxyapatite thermal behavior is almost the same in 0 and 25kGy dose of gamma irradiation, there was a major increase in activation energy ΔH of 50kGy gamma irradiated hydroxyapatite. There was a significant decrease in contact angle of hydroxyapatite and a little decrease in composites with increase in gamma irradiation dose with no significant differences between contact angles of copolymers.\nThis study has shown that only irradiated hydroxyapatites has more viable cell percent in comparison with uniraadiated group; and generally there is no significant difference between cell viability in copolymer and composite groups. Our results have shown a decrease in enzyme activity in irradiated hydroxyapatite and an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity in irradiated copolymer samples with no change in composite group. It can be concluded that gamma irradiation can significantly affect the structural and biological properties of PLGA-PEG-Hydroxyapatite composite and its ingredients. Molecular weight, contact angle and wettability, cell viability and enzyme activity are significantly affected by gamma irradiation, which can enhance the composite application in tissue engineering.

Non-Ignorable missing values are often a great challenge for data mining analysts. Imputation of such missing values requires models which vary depending on the dataset and distribution of values within the dataset. Statistical techniques should be implemented on the outcome of the model to impute the values. The paper proposes a new algorithm called Bayesian Genetic Algorithm (BAGEL) which combines both Bayesian principles and Genetic Algorithm. The model is created by the Bayesian method using the available values and it drives the Genetic Algorithm to find the most suited value to be substituted for missing value. BAGEL is implemented on real datasets and the results are reported in this paper. It is found that BAGEL imputes both discrete and continuous missing values with more accuracy than other existing methods at different missing rates ranging from 5% to 50%.

Introduction: Unfortunately abdominal pain definition with characteristics of biliary colic is still unclear. In addition, classic characteristics of biliary pain are uncommon in patients and common symptoms are often vague; these ambiguous and atypical symptoms including indigestion and dyspepsia have little chance for recovery after Cholecystectomy. Helicobacter Pylori was found in patients with dyspepsia. Because symptoms in Helicobacter Pylori infection and gallbladder stone disease, especially atypical gallstone symptoms are the same and there is a low probability of cure in atypical symptom after cholecystectomy; The propose of this study is to investigate Helicobacter Pylori prevalence in symptomatic gallstone patient; and to show that symptoms that are attributed to gallstone can be caused by Helicobacter Pylori so it may reduce unnecessary operations which can cause complication, morbidity and costs.\nMethods: The method of this study was case-control. Cases were selected from patients with symptomatic gallstone that were diagnosed by sonography and were candidate for elective cholecystectomy in surgery ward. People who were referred to emergency trauma ward selected as control and sonography confirmed that they had not gallstone. Blood samples were taken and IgG antibody with ELISA method was measured. Case and control groups were analyzed for positive result. Cases and controls with history for H. Pylori treatment were excluded from study.\nResults: 35 patients (9 male, 26 female) were enrolled in case group and 35 patients (16 male, 19 female) in control group. 22 cases (68.8%) and 10 controls (31.2%) had IgG anti H. Pylori. There was significant difference in comparison of two groups (P value = 0.004).\nConclusion: Patients with gallstone in sonography that presented with atypical symptoms should be aware of H. Pylori related dyspepsia. We must explain them that their symptoms may be retained after cholecystectomy. Relationship between H. Pylori and gallstone can support the role of H. Pylori in gallstone pathogenesis.

ICT is an important channel for knowledge, political awareness, making consciousness, understanding and guiding citizens, political and social forces and groups. ICT causes developing of transparency, government accountability and reducing corruption. E-Government uses ICT for the development of more efficient and more economical government. In this context, the main objective of this paper is to examine the impact of ICT on the quality of governance in selected middle-and high-income countries by using the generalized moment’s method. Results show that ICT has a significant positive impact on governance quality in selected countries of the period 1996 – 2010.

Different stock markets are interrelated due to the common fundamentals which influence the movement in the respective indices. Using daily stock returns from 2000 to 2010 for 21 countries paired with Pakistan, and using the Geweke methodology, the paper investigates the degree to which these stock markets are integrated with the Pakistani stock market. The paper also explores the factors that have an effect on the level of economic integration by applying fixed effect model. The result demonstrates statistically significant and high percentage of contemporaneous association between the 21 economies of the world and Pakistan. Greater comovement was observed between the equity markets during the period when Pakistani capital market and economy experience performance but less comovement was noted when KSE was under crises. In broad, an elevated export share by other economies to Pakistan has good impact on stock market comovement as well as a larger difference in inflation rates, has an inverse effect on stock market comovement between pairs of countries. On the other hand volatility in bilateral exchange rate also influences stock market comovement.

We witness more and more often a diversification of the elements of underground economy, as potentiated by the effects of the global economic crisis. If in the previous years we have witnessed manifestations related to tax evasion, gambling or bribery, nowadays the aspects of the underground economy are represented by organizing criminal activities after the model of legal businesses (reception, production, transport, recovery, protection sectors) and white-collar crime. Sometimes these activities of organized crime surpass the capacity of the state to limit them as the specialists in the tax and legal areas prefer to offer their services to private employers who afford to pay them more than the state. Last but not least the globalization has created conditions in which money, weapons or human trafficking runs optimally between international groups of organized crime through the easy access to international networks of data or transport. Moreover, organized crime groups became focused on the control of financial institutions or banks, under the cover of which they could transfer huge amounts of money. In this respect, it appears that besides its positive features, globalization has created an environment in which organized crime groups have easily extended beyond state borders becoming real transnational crime industries.

Abstract: \nWomen are faced with integrated multiple roles of wife, mother and employee, it is likely the patterns and dynamics of family relationships will be impacted. Women have entered a new paradigm that necessitates the mastery and successful co-ordination of additional and unfamiliar roles. The present article shows cases the mentioned antecedents namely job autonomy and job involvement on the consequence of turnover directly and indirectly with job satisfaction as a moderator intention of the employees. The findings and the outcomes of the study is being derived using various statistical techniques.